Congress · Party control
Who controlled Congress and the White House, 1789 to today
One party held the House, the Senate and the presidency in 69 of the 119 Congresses shown here. In 48, the parties were split between them. In 2, the sources do not settle it.
- Pro-Administration
- Anti-Administration
- Democratic-Republican
- Federalist
- Adams
- Jacksonian
- Democratic
- Whig
- Opposition
- Republican
- Tied Senate (the vice president breaks ties)
- Anti-Jacksonian
Hover a span, or open the data table under the figure, for the seats in each Congress. The Congress-by-Congress ledger below links to every row of the table. A span with no letters is too narrow to hold them. A tied Senate is grey. The presidency band starts on April 30, 1789, when the first president took office. Each span runs from its first year up to, but not including, its last year. A span with no label has no room for one; its group is in the key and the table.
Data table: Party control of the House, the Senate and the presidency, 1789 to today
| Band | Group | From | Up to |
|---|---|---|---|
| House | Pro-Administration, 1st to 2nd Congresses (seats at the start: 1st 37 of 65, 2nd 39 of 68) | 1789.17 | 1793.17 |
| House | Anti-Administration, 3rd Congress (seats at the start: 3rd 55 of 105) | 1793.17 | 1795.17 |
| House | Democratic-Republican, 4th Congress (seats at the start: 4th 59 of 106) | 1795.17 | 1797.17 |
| House | Federalist, 5th to 6th Congresses (seats at the start: 5th 57 of 106, 6th 59 of 105) | 1797.17 | 1801.17 |
| House | Democratic-Republican, 7th to 18th Congresses (seats at the start: 7th 69 of 106, 8th 102 of 141, 9th 114 of 142, 10th 117 of 142, 11th 94 of 142, 12th 107 of 143 and 6 more) | 1801.17 | 1825.17 |
| House | Adams, 19th Congress (seats at the start: 19th 108 of 212) | 1825.17 | 1827.17 |
| House | Jacksonian, 20th to 24th Congresses (seats at the start: 20th 113 of 213, 21st 134 of 212, 22nd 126 of 213, 23rd 142 of 239, 24th 142 of 241) | 1827.17 | 1837.17 |
| House | Democratic, 25th to 26th Congresses (seats at the start: 25th 128 of 241, 26th 124 of 241) | 1837.17 | 1841.17 |
| House | Whig, 27th Congress (seats at the start: 27th 139 of 239) | 1841.17 | 1843.17 |
| House | Democratic, 28th to 29th Congresses (seats at the start: 28th 144 of 222, 29th 142 of 226) | 1843.17 | 1847.17 |
| House | Whig, 30th Congress (seats at the start: 30th 116 of 230) | 1847.17 | 1849.17 |
| House | Democratic, 31st to 33rd Congresses (seats at the start: 31st 113 of 232, 32nd 127 of 233, 33rd 157 of 235) | 1849.17 | 1855.17 |
| House | Opposition, 34th Congress (seats at the start: 34th 98 of 229) | 1855.17 | 1857.17 |
| House | Democratic, 35th Congress (seats at the start: 35th 131 of 237) | 1857.17 | 1859.17 |
| House | Republican, 36th to 43rd Congresses (seats at the start: 36th 116 of 241, 37th 104 of 182, 38th 85 of 184, 39th 133 of 192, 40th 172 of 224, 41st 167 of 242 and 2 more) | 1859.17 | 1875.17 |
| House | Democratic, 44th to 46th Congresses (seats at the start: 44th 176 of 289, 45th 150 of 293, 46th 142 of 293) | 1875.17 | 1881.17 |
| House | Republican, 47th Congress (seats at the start: 47th 147 of 293) | 1881.17 | 1883.17 |
| House | Democratic, 48th to 50th Congresses (seats at the start: 48th 189 of 322, 49th 181 of 324, 50th 167 of 325) | 1883.17 | 1889.17 |
| House | Republican, 51st Congress (seats at the start: 51st 171 of 332) | 1889.17 | 1891.17 |
| House | Democratic, 52nd to 53rd Congresses (seats at the start: 52nd 235 of 330, 53rd 212 of 352) | 1891.17 | 1895.17 |
| House | Republican, 54th to 61st Congresses (seats at the start: 54th 245 of 356, 55th 203 of 357, 56th 185 of 357, 57th 199 of 356, 58th 205 of 386, 59th 247 of 382 and 2 more) | 1895.17 | 1911.17 |
| House | Democratic, 62nd to 65th Congresses (seats at the start: 62nd 229 of 395, 63rd 291 of 435, 64th 229 of 434, 65th 216 of 435) | 1911.17 | 1919.17 |
| House | Republican, 66th to 71st Congresses (seats at the start: 66th 238 of 433, 67th 301 of 435, 68th 224 of 434, 69th 250 of 439, 70th 237 of 435, 71st 268 of 435) | 1919.17 | 1931.17 |
| House | Democratic, 72nd to 79th Congresses (seats at the start: 72nd 219 of 435, 73rd 315 of 437, 74th 322 of 434, 75th 333 of 435, 76th 262 of 435, 77th 267 of 435 and 2 more) | 1931.17 | 1947.01 |
| House | Republican, 80th Congress (seats at the start: 80th 246 of 435) | 1947.01 | 1949.01 |
| House | Democratic, 81st to 82nd Congresses (seats at the start: 81st 263 of 435, 82nd 235 of 436) | 1949.01 | 1953.01 |
| House | Republican, 83rd Congress (seats at the start: 83rd 221 of 435) | 1953.01 | 1955.01 |
| House | Democratic, 84th to 103rd Congresses (seats at the start: 84th 232 of 435, 85th 234 of 435, 86th 283 of 437, 87th 264 of 438, 88th 258 of 435, 89th 296 of 436 and 14 more) | 1955.01 | 1995.01 |
| House | Republican, 104th to 109th Congresses (seats at the start: 104th 230 of 435, 105th 226 of 435, 106th 222 of 434, 107th 221 of 435, 108th 229 of 434, 109th 232 of 433) | 1995.01 | 2007.01 |
| House | Democratic, 110th to 111th Congresses (seats at the start: 110th 233 of 435, 111th 256 of 434) | 2007.01 | 2011.01 |
| House | Republican, 112th to 115th Congresses (seats at the start: 112th 242 of 432, 113th 234 of 435, 114th 246 of 434, 115th 241 of 434) | 2011.01 | 2019.01 |
| House | Democratic, 116th to 117th Congresses (seats at the start: 116th 235 of 433, 117th 222 of 433) | 2019.01 | 2023.01 |
| House | Republican, 118th to 119th Congresses (seats at the start: 118th 222 of 434, 119th 219 of 434) | 2023.01 | 2026.85 |
| Senate | Pro-Administration, 1st to 3rd Congresses (seats at the start: 1st 18 of 26, 2nd 15 of 28, 3rd 15 of 29) | 1789.17 | 1795.17 |
| Senate | Federalist, 4th to 6th Congresses (seats at the start: 4th 20 of 32, 5th 22 of 32, 6th 22 of 32) | 1795.17 | 1801.17 |
| Senate | Tied, 7th Congress (seats at the start: 7th 0 of 28) | 1801.17 | 1803.17 |
| Senate | Democratic-Republican, 8th to 18th Congresses (seats at the start: 8th 25 of 34, 9th 26 of 33, 10th 26 of 31, 11th 26 of 33, 12th 29 of 34, 13th 27 of 33 and 5 more) | 1803.17 | 1825.17 |
| Senate | Jacksonian, 19th to 22nd Congresses (seats at the start: 19th 23 of 46, 20th 26 of 47, 21st 24 of 46, 22nd 24 of 48) | 1825.17 | 1833.17 |
| Senate | Anti-Jacksonian, 23rd Congress (seats at the start: 23rd 26 of 48) | 1833.17 | 1835.17 |
| Senate | Jacksonian, 24th Congress (seats at the start: 24th 27 of 52) | 1835.17 | 1837.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 25th to 26th Congresses (seats at the start: 25th 35 of 52, 26th 30 of 51) | 1837.17 | 1841.17 |
| Senate | Whig, 27th to 28th Congresses (seats at the start: 27th 31 of 53, 28th 29 of 51) | 1841.17 | 1845.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 29th to 36th Congresses (seats at the start: 29th 32 of 55, 30th 37 of 59, 31st 34 of 61, 32nd 36 of 62, 33rd 38 of 62, 34th 39 of 62 and 2 more) | 1845.17 | 1861.17 |
| Senate | Republican, 37th to 45th Congresses (seats at the start: 37th 30 of 56, 38th 33 of 52, 39th 37 of 52, 40th 57 of 66, 41st 62 of 74, 42nd 56 of 74 and 3 more) | 1861.17 | 1879.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 46th to 47th Congresses (seats at the start: 46th 42 of 76, 47th 37 of 75) | 1879.17 | 1883.17 |
| Senate | Republican, 48th to 52nd Congresses (seats at the start: 48th 38 of 76, 49th 42 of 76, 50th 39 of 76, 51st 51 of 88, 52nd 46 of 86) | 1883.17 | 1893.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 53rd Congress (seats at the start: 53rd 44 of 88) | 1893.17 | 1895.17 |
| Senate | Republican, 54th to 62nd Congresses (seats at the start: 54th 41 of 87, 55th 44 of 90, 56th 54 of 89, 57th 56 of 90, 58th 57 of 90, 59th 58 of 90 and 3 more) | 1895.17 | 1913.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 63rd to 65th Congresses (seats at the start: 63rd 51 of 96, 64th 56 of 96, 65th 54 of 96) | 1913.17 | 1919.17 |
| Senate | Republican, 66th to 69th Congresses (seats at the start: 66th 49 of 96, 67th 59 of 96, 68th 53 of 96, 69th 55 of 96) | 1919.17 | 1927.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 70th Congress (seats at the start: 70th 47 of 94) | 1927.17 | 1929.17 |
| Senate | Republican, 71st to 72nd Congresses (seats at the start: 71st 56 of 96, 72nd 48 of 96) | 1929.17 | 1933.17 |
| Senate | Democratic, 73rd to 79th Congresses (seats at the start: 73rd 61 of 98, 74th 69 of 96, 75th 76 of 96, 76th 69 of 96, 77th 66 of 96, 78th 57 of 96 and 1 more) | 1933.17 | 1947.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 80th Congress (seats at the start: 80th 51 of 96) | 1947.01 | 1949.01 |
| Senate | Democratic, 81st to 82nd Congresses (seats at the start: 81st 54 of 96, 82nd 49 of 96) | 1949.01 | 1953.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 83rd Congress (seats at the start: 83rd 48 of 96) | 1953.01 | 1955.01 |
| Senate | Democratic, 84th to 96th Congresses (seats at the start: 84th 48 of 96, 85th 49 of 96, 86th 65 of 100, 87th 65 of 100, 88th 67 of 100, 89th 67 of 99 and 7 more) | 1955.01 | 1981.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 97th to 99th Congresses (seats at the start: 97th 53 of 100, 98th 54 of 100, 99th 52 of 99) | 1981.01 | 1987.01 |
| Senate | Democratic, 100th to 103rd Congresses (seats at the start: 100th 55 of 99, 101st 55 of 100, 102nd 56 of 100, 103rd 57 of 100) | 1987.01 | 1995.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 104th to 106th Congresses (seats at the start: 104th 53 of 100, 105th 55 of 100, 106th 55 of 100) | 1995.01 | 2001.01 |
| Senate | Tied, 107th Congress (seats at the start: 107th 0 of 100) | 2001.01 | 2003.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 108th to 109th Congresses (seats at the start: 108th 50 of 99, 109th 55 of 100) | 2003.01 | 2007.01 |
| Senate | Democratic, 110th to 113th Congresses (seats at the start: 110th 51 of 100, 111th 58 of 99, 112th 52 of 98, 113th 55 of 100) | 2007.01 | 2015.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 114th to 117th Congresses (seats at the start: 114th 54 of 100, 115th 52 of 100, 116th 52 of 99, 117th 51 of 99) | 2015.01 | 2023.01 |
| Senate | Democratic, 118th Congress (seats at the start: 118th 51 of 100) | 2023.01 | 2025.01 |
| Senate | Republican, 119th Congress (seats at the start: 119th 52 of 99) | 2025.01 | 2026.85 |
| Presidency | Pro-Administration: George Washington (1789 to 1797) | 1789.33 | 1797.17 |
| Presidency | Federalist: John Adams (1797 to 1801) | 1797.17 | 1801.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic-Republican: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe (1801 to 1825) | 1801.17 | 1825.17 |
| Presidency | Adams: John Quincy Adams (1825 to 1829) | 1825.17 | 1829.17 |
| Presidency | Jacksonian: Andrew Jackson (1829 to 1837) | 1829.17 | 1837.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Martin Van Buren (1837 to 1841) | 1837.17 | 1841.17 |
| Presidency | Whig: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler (1841 to 1845) | 1841.17 | 1845.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: James K. Polk (1845 to 1849) | 1845.17 | 1849.17 |
| Presidency | Whig: Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore (1849 to 1853) | 1849.17 | 1853.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan (1853 to 1861) | 1853.17 | 1861.17 |
| Presidency | Republican: Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur (1861 to 1885) | 1861.17 | 1885.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Grover Cleveland (1885 to 1889) | 1885.17 | 1889.17 |
| Presidency | Republican: Benjamin Harrison (1889 to 1893) | 1889.17 | 1893.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Grover Cleveland (1893 to 1897) | 1893.17 | 1897.17 |
| Presidency | Republican: William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft (1897 to 1913) | 1897.17 | 1913.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Woodrow Wilson (1913 to 1921) | 1913.17 | 1921.17 |
| Presidency | Republican: Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover (1921 to 1933) | 1921.17 | 1933.17 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman (1933 to 1953) | 1933.17 | 1953.05 |
| Presidency | Republican: Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 to 1961) | 1953.05 | 1961.05 |
| Presidency | Democratic: John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson (1961 to 1969) | 1961.05 | 1969.05 |
| Presidency | Republican: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford (1969 to 1977) | 1969.05 | 1977.05 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Jimmy Carter (1977 to 1981) | 1977.05 | 1981.05 |
| Presidency | Republican: Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush (1981 to 1993) | 1981.05 | 1993.05 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Bill Clinton (1993 to 2001) | 1993.05 | 2001.05 |
| Presidency | Republican: George W. Bush (2001 to 2009) | 2001.05 | 2009.05 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Barack Obama (2009 to 2017) | 2009.05 | 2017.05 |
| Presidency | Republican: Donald Trump (2017 to 2021) | 2017.05 | 2021.05 |
| Presidency | Democratic: Joe Biden (2021 to 2025) | 2021.05 | 2025.05 |
| Presidency | Republican: Donald Trump (2025 to 2026) | 2025.05 | 2026.85 |
Source: Voteview (UCLA) members and parties; congress-legislators (CC0) term dates and presidents. As of November 2, 2026.
Congress by Congress
Each cell is one Congress. The three bars are the House, the Senate and the president, with letters for the party. The line under them is solid when one party held all three, dashed when the parties were split and dotted when the sources do not settle it. Select a cell to open that Congress in the table.
- 11789 House: Pro-Administration. Senate: Pro-Administration. President: Pro-Administration. Unified: Pro-Administration
- 21791 House: Pro-Administration. Senate: Pro-Administration. President: Pro-Administration. Unified: Pro-Administration
- 31793 House: Anti-Administration. Senate: Pro-Administration. President: Pro-Administration. Divided
- 41795 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Federalist. President: Federalist. Divided
- 51797 House: Federalist. Senate: Federalist. President: Federalist. Unified: Federalist
- 61799 House: Federalist. Senate: Federalist. President: Federalist. Unified: Federalist
- 71801 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 81803 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 91805 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 101807 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 111809 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 121811 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 131813 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 141815 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 151817 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 161819 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 171821 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 181823 House: Democratic-Republican. Senate: Democratic-Republican. President: Democratic-Republican. Unified: Democratic-Republican
- 191825 House: Adams. Senate: Jacksonian. President: Adams. Divided
- 201827 House: Jacksonian. Senate: Jacksonian. President: Adams. Divided
- 211829 House: Jacksonian. Senate: Jacksonian. President: Jacksonian. Unified: Jacksonian
- 221831 House: Jacksonian. Senate: Jacksonian. President: Jacksonian. Unified: Jacksonian
- 231833 House: Jacksonian. Senate: Anti-Jacksonian. President: Jacksonian. Divided
- 241835 House: Jacksonian. Senate: Jacksonian. President: Jacksonian. Unified: Jacksonian
- 251837 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 261839 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 271841 House: Whig. Senate: Whig. President: Whig. Unified: Whig
- 281843 House: Democratic. Senate: Whig. President: Whig. Divided
- 291845 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 301847 House: Whig. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Divided
- 311849 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Whig. Divided
- 321851 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Whig. Divided
- 331853 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 341855 House: Opposition. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Divided
- 351857 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 361859 House: Republican. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Divided
- 371861 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 381863 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 391865 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Not stated
- 401867 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Not stated
- 411869 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 421871 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 431873 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 441875 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 451877 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 461879 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 471881 House: Republican. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 481883 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 491885 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 501887 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 511889 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 521891 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 531893 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 541895 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 551897 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 561899 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 571901 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 581903 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 591905 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 601907 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 611909 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 621911 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 631913 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 641915 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 651917 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 661919 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 671921 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 681923 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 691925 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 701927 House: Republican. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 711929 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 721931 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 731933 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 741935 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 751937 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 761939 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 771941 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 781943 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 791945 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 801947 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 811949 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 821951 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 831953 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 841955 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 851957 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 861959 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 871961 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 881963 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 891965 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 901967 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 911969 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 921971 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 931973 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 941975 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 951977 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 961979 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 971981 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 981983 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 991985 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 1001987 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 1011989 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 1021991 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 1031993 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 1041995 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1051997 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1061999 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1072001 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 1082003 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 1092005 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 1102007 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Republican. Divided
- 1112009 House: Democratic. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Unified: Democratic
- 1122011 House: Republican. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1132013 House: Republican. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1142015 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1152017 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- 1162019 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Divided
- 1172021 House: Democratic. Senate: Republican. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1182023 House: Republican. Senate: Democratic. President: Democratic. Divided
- 1192025 House: Republican. Senate: Republican. President: Republican. Unified: Republican
- PA Pro-Administration
- AA Anti-Administration
- DR Democratic-Republican
- F Federalist
- A Adams
- J Jacksonian
- AJ Anti-Jacksonian
- D Democratic
- W Whig
- O Opposition
- R Republican
- ? Party not named or sources disagree
Every Congress in this period, newest first
Seats are those filled on the opening day. "Majority" means more than half of the seats counted; "largest party" means the most seats but not more than half. Independents who joined a party's caucus count toward that party for the result.
| Congress | House | Senate | President for most of it | All three |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 119th CongressJanuary 3, 2025 to January 3, 2027 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 219, Democratic 215 | RepublicanRepublican 52, Democratic 45, Independent 2Counted with a party: 2 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Donald TrumpRepublicanAlso in office: Joe Biden (2025) | Unified: RepublicanThe president for most of this Congress, Donald Trump, took office on 2025-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 118th CongressJanuary 3, 2023 to January 3, 2025 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 222, Democratic 212 | DemocraticRepublican 49, Democratic 48, Independent 3Counted with a party: 3 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Joe BidenDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic |
| 117th CongressJanuary 3, 2021 to January 3, 2023 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 222, Republican 211 | RepublicanRepublican 51, Democratic 46, Independent 2Counted with a party: 2 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Joe BidenDemocraticAlso in office: Donald Trump (2021) | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, Joe Biden, took office on 2021-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 116th CongressJanuary 3, 2019 to January 3, 2021 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 235, Republican 198 | RepublicanRepublican 52, Democratic 45, Independent 2Counted with a party: 2 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Donald TrumpRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 115th CongressJanuary 3, 2017 to January 3, 2019 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 241, Democratic 193 | RepublicanRepublican 52, Democratic 46, Independent 2Counted with a party: 2 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Donald TrumpRepublicanAlso in office: Barack Obama (2017) | Unified: RepublicanThe president for most of this Congress, Donald Trump, took office on 2017-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 114th CongressJanuary 6, 2015 to January 3, 2017 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 246, Democratic 188 | RepublicanRepublican 54, Democratic 44, Independent 2Counted with a party: 2 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Barack ObamaDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 113th CongressJanuary 3, 2013 to January 3, 2015 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 234, Democratic 201 | DemocraticDemocratic 53, Republican 45, Independent 2Counted with a party: 2 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Barack ObamaDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic |
| 112th CongressJanuary 5, 2011 to January 3, 2013 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 242, Democratic 190 | DemocraticDemocratic 51, Republican 46, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Barack ObamaDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic |
| 111th CongressJanuary 6, 2009 to January 3, 2011 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 256, Republican 178 | DemocraticDemocratic 57, Republican 41, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Barack ObamaDemocraticAlso in office: George W. Bush (2009) | Unified: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, Barack Obama, took office on 2009-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 110th CongressJanuary 4, 2007 to January 3, 2009 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 233, Republican 202 | DemocraticDemocratic 50, Republican 49, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | George W. BushRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 109th CongressJanuary 4, 2005 to January 3, 2007 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 232, Democratic 200, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | RepublicanRepublican 55, Democratic 44, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | George W. BushRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 108th CongressJanuary 7, 2003 to January 3, 2005 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 229, Democratic 204, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | RepublicanRepublican 50, Democratic 48, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | George W. BushRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 107th CongressJanuary 3, 2001 to January 3, 2003 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 221, Democratic 212, Independent 2Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | TiedRepublican 50, Democratic 50 | George W. BushRepublicanAlso in office: Bill Clinton (2001) | Unified: RepublicanThe Senate was tied on the opening day; the vice president for most of the Congress, Richard Cheney, was Republican. The president for most of this Congress, George W. Bush, took office on 2001-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 106th CongressJanuary 6, 1999 to January 3, 2001 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 222, Democratic 211, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | RepublicanRepublican 55, Democratic 45 | Bill ClintonDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 105th CongressJanuary 7, 1997 to January 3, 1999 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 226, Democratic 207, Independent 2Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | RepublicanRepublican 55, Democratic 45 | Bill ClintonDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 104th CongressJanuary 4, 1995 to January 3, 1997 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 230, Democratic 204, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | RepublicanRepublican 53, Democratic 47 | Bill ClintonDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 103rd CongressJanuary 5, 1993 to January 3, 1995 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 258, Republican 176, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | DemocraticDemocratic 57, Republican 43 | Bill ClintonDemocraticAlso in office: George H. W. Bush (1993) | Unified: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, Bill Clinton, took office on 1993-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 102nd CongressJanuary 3, 1991 to January 3, 1993 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 267, Republican 167, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | DemocraticDemocratic 56, Republican 44 | George H. W. BushRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 101st CongressJanuary 3, 1989 to January 3, 1991 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 261, Republican 174 | DemocraticDemocratic 55, Republican 45 | George H. W. BushRepublicanAlso in office: Ronald Reagan (1989) | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: RepublicanThe president for most of this Congress, George H. W. Bush, took office on 1989-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 100th CongressJanuary 6, 1987 to January 3, 1989 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 258, Republican 177 | DemocraticDemocratic 55, Republican 44 | Ronald ReaganRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 99th CongressJanuary 3, 1985 to January 3, 1987 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 253, Republican 182 | RepublicanRepublican 52, Democratic 47 | Ronald ReaganRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 98th CongressJanuary 3, 1983 to January 3, 1985 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 268, Republican 167 | RepublicanRepublican 54, Democratic 46 | Ronald ReaganRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 97th CongressJanuary 5, 1981 to January 3, 1983 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 242, Republican 193, Independent 1 | RepublicanRepublican 53, Democratic 46, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Ronald ReaganRepublicanAlso in office: Jimmy Carter (1981) | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: RepublicanThe president for most of this Congress, Ronald Reagan, took office on 1981-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 96th CongressJanuary 15, 1979 to January 3, 1981 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 278, Republican 160 | DemocraticDemocratic 58, Republican 41, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Jimmy CarterDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 95th CongressJanuary 4, 1977 to January 3, 1979 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 292, Republican 143 | DemocraticDemocratic 60, Republican 38, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Jimmy CarterDemocraticAlso in office: Gerald Ford (1977) | Unified: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, Jimmy Carter, took office on 1977-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 94th CongressJanuary 14, 1975 to January 3, 1977 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 291, Republican 144 | DemocraticDemocratic 60, Republican 38, Conservative 1, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Gerald FordRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 93rd CongressJanuary 3, 1973 to January 3, 1975 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 240, Republican 193, Ind. Democrat 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 56, Republican 42, Conservative 1, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Richard NixonRepublicanAlso in office: Gerald Ford (1974) | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 92nd CongressJanuary 21, 1971 to January 3, 1973 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 254, Republican 180 | DemocraticDemocratic 54, Republican 44, Conservative 1, Independent 1Counted with a party: 1 Independent counted with the Democratic side | Richard NixonRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 91st CongressJanuary 3, 1969 to January 3, 1971 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 243, Republican 192 | DemocraticDemocratic 57, Republican 43 | Richard NixonRepublicanAlso in office: Lyndon B. Johnson (1969) | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: RepublicanThe president for most of this Congress, Richard Nixon, took office on 1969-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 90th CongressJanuary 10, 1967 to January 3, 1969 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 246, Republican 187 | DemocraticDemocratic 64, Republican 36 | Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 89th CongressJanuary 4, 1965 to January 3, 1967 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 296, Republican 140 | DemocraticDemocratic 67, Republican 32 | Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 88th CongressJanuary 9, 1963 to January 3, 1965 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 258, Republican 177 | DemocraticDemocratic 67, Republican 33 | Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocraticAlso in office: John F. Kennedy (1963) | Unified: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, Lyndon B. Johnson, took office on 1963-11-22, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 87th CongressJanuary 3, 1961 to January 3, 1963 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 264, Republican 174 | DemocraticDemocratic 65, Republican 35 | John F. KennedyDemocraticAlso in office: Dwight D. Eisenhower (1961) | Unified: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, John F. Kennedy, took office on 1961-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 86th CongressJanuary 7, 1959 to January 3, 1961 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 283, Republican 153, Ind. Democrat 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 65, Republican 35 | Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 85th CongressJanuary 3, 1957 to January 3, 1959 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 234, Republican 201 | DemocraticDemocratic 49, Republican 47 | Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 84th CongressJanuary 5, 1955 to January 3, 1957 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 232, Republican 203 | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 48, Republican 47, Independent 1 | Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 83rd CongressJanuary 3, 1953 to January 3, 1955 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 221, Democratic 213, Independent 1 | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 48, Democratic 47, Independent 1 | Dwight D. EisenhowerRepublicanAlso in office: Harry S. Truman (1953) | Unified: RepublicanThe president for most of this Congress, Dwight D. Eisenhower, took office on 1953-01-20, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 82nd CongressJanuary 3, 1951 to January 3, 1953 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 235, Republican 200, Independent 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 49, Republican 47 | Harry S. TrumanDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 81st CongressJanuary 3, 1949 to January 3, 1951 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 263, Republican 171, American Labor 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 54, Republican 42 | Harry S. TrumanDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 80th CongressJanuary 3, 1947 to January 3, 1949 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 246, Democratic 188, American Labor 1 | RepublicanRepublican 51, Democratic 45 | Harry S. TrumanDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 79th CongressJanuary 3, 1945 to January 3, 1947 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 243, Republican 190, American Labor 1, Progressive 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 57, Republican 38, Progressive 1 | Harry S. TrumanDemocraticAlso in office: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1945) | Unified: DemocraticThe president for most of this Congress, Harry S. Truman, took office on 1945-04-12, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
| 78th CongressJanuary 6, 1943 to January 3, 1945 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 222, Republican 209, Progressive 2, Farmer-Labor 1, American Labor 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 57, Republican 38, Progressive 1 | Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 77th CongressJanuary 3, 1941 to January 3, 1943 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 267, Republican 162, Progressive 3, Farmer-Labor 1, American Labor 1, Ind. Democrat 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 66, Republican 28, Independent 1, Progressive 1 | Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 76th CongressJanuary 3, 1939 to January 3, 1941 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 262, Republican 169, Progressive 2, Farmer-Labor 1, American Labor 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 69, Republican 23, Farmer-Labor 2, Independent 1, Progressive 1 | Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 75th CongressJanuary 5, 1937 to January 3, 1939 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 333, Republican 89, Progressive 8, Farmer-Labor 5 | DemocraticDemocratic 76, Republican 16, Farmer-Labor 2, Independent 1, Progressive 1 | Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 74th CongressJanuary 3, 1935 to January 3, 1937 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 322, Republican 102, Progressive 7, Farmer-Labor 3 | DemocraticDemocratic 69, Republican 25, Farmer-Labor 1, Progressive 1 | Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 73rd CongressMarch 9, 1933 to January 3, 1935 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 315, Republican 117, Farmer-Labor 5 | DemocraticDemocratic 61, Republican 36, Farmer-Labor 1 | Franklin D. RooseveltDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 72nd CongressDecember 7, 1931 to March 4, 1933 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 219, Republican 215, Farmer-Labor 1 | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 48, Democratic 47, Farmer-Labor 1 | Herbert HooverRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 71st CongressApril 15, 1929 to March 4, 1931 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 268, Democratic 166, Farmer-Labor 1 | RepublicanRepublican 56, Democratic 39, Farmer-Labor 1 | Herbert HooverRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 70th CongressDecember 5, 1927 to March 4, 1929 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 237, Democratic 195, Farmer-Labor 2, Socialist 1 | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 47, Republican 46, Farmer-Labor 1 | Calvin CoolidgeRepublican | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 69th CongressDecember 7, 1925 to March 4, 1927 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 250, Democratic 184, Farmer-Labor 3, American Labor 1, Socialist 1 | RepublicanRepublican 55, Democratic 40, Farmer-Labor 1 | Calvin CoolidgeRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 68th CongressDecember 3, 1923 to March 4, 1925 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 224, Democratic 207, Farmer-Labor 2, Socialist 1 | RepublicanRepublican 53, Democratic 42, Farmer-Labor 1 | Calvin CoolidgeRepublicanAlso in office: Warren G. Harding (1923) | Unified: Republican |
| 67th CongressApril 11, 1921 to March 4, 1923 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 301, Democratic 132, Socialist 1, Ind. Republican 1 | RepublicanRepublican 59, Democratic 37 | Warren G. HardingRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 66th CongressMay 19, 1919 to March 4, 1921 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 238, Democratic 193, Prohibitionist 1, Union Labor 1 | RepublicanRepublican 49, Democratic 47 | Woodrow WilsonDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 65th CongressApril 2, 1917 to March 4, 1919 Cite Compare | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 216, Republican 213, Progressive 3, Prohibitionist 1, Ind. Republican 1, Socialist 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 54, Republican 42 | Woodrow WilsonDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 64th CongressDecember 6, 1915 to March 4, 1917 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 229, Republican 196, Progressive 6, Independent 1, Prohibitionist 1, Socialist 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 56, Republican 40 | Woodrow WilsonDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 63rd CongressApril 7, 1913 to March 4, 1915 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 291, Republican 135, Progressive 8, Independent 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 51, Republican 44, Progressive 1 | Woodrow WilsonDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 62nd CongressApril 4, 1911 to March 4, 1913 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 229, Republican 164, Progressive Republican 1, Socialist 1 | RepublicanRepublican 52, Democratic 44 | William Howard TaftRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 61st CongressMarch 15, 1909 to March 4, 1911 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 219, Democratic 172 | RepublicanRepublican 60, Democratic 32 | William Howard TaftRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 60th CongressDecember 2, 1907 to March 4, 1909 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 223, Democratic 166, Ind. Republican 1 | RepublicanRepublican 61, Democratic 31 | Theodore RooseveltRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 59th CongressDecember 4, 1905 to March 4, 1907 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 247, Democratic 135 | RepublicanRepublican 58, Democratic 32 | Theodore RooseveltRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 58th CongressNovember 9, 1903 to March 4, 1905 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 205, Democratic 178, Ind. Republican 3 | RepublicanRepublican 57, Democratic 33 | Theodore RooseveltRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 57th CongressDecember 2, 1901 to March 4, 1903 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 199, Democratic 151, Populist 5, Silver Republican 1 | RepublicanRepublican 56, Democratic 32, Populist 2 | Theodore RooseveltRepublicanAlso in office: William McKinley (1901) | Unified: Republican |
| 56th CongressDecember 4, 1899 to March 4, 1901 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 185, Democratic 163, Populist 6, Silver Republican 2, Silver 1 | RepublicanRepublican 54, Democratic 26, Populist 4, Silver Republican 3, Silver 2 | William McKinleyRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 55th CongressMarch 15, 1897 to March 4, 1899 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 203, Democratic 127, Populist 22, Silver Republican 3, Silver 1, Ind. Republican 1 | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 44, Democratic 34, Silver Republican 5, Populist 5, Silver 2 | William McKinleyRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 54th CongressDecember 2, 1895 to March 4, 1897 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 245, Democratic 103, Populist 7, Silver 1 | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 41, Democratic 40, Populist 4, Silver 2 | Grover ClevelandDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 53rd CongressAugust 7, 1893 to March 4, 1895 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 212, Republican 126, Populist 11, Ind. Democrat 2, Silver 1 | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 44, Republican 40, Populist 3, Silver 1 | Grover ClevelandDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 52nd CongressDecember 7, 1891 to March 4, 1893 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 235, Republican 87, Populist 8 | RepublicanRepublican 46, Democratic 38, Populist 2 | Benjamin HarrisonRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 51st CongressDecember 2, 1889 to March 4, 1891 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 171, Democratic 161 | RepublicanRepublican 51, Democratic 37 | Benjamin HarrisonRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 50th CongressDecember 5, 1887 to March 4, 1889 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 167, Republican 152, Ind. Republican 2, Union 2, National Greenbacker 1, Independent 1 | RepublicanRepublican 39, Democratic 37 | Grover ClevelandDemocratic | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 49th CongressDecember 7, 1885 to March 4, 1887 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 181, Republican 141, National Greenbacker 1, Ind. Democrat 1 | RepublicanRepublican 42, Democratic 34 | Grover ClevelandDemocratic | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic |
| 48th CongressDecember 3, 1883 to March 4, 1885 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 189, Republican 120, Readjuster 6, Ind. Democrat 3, National Greenbacker 2, Ind. Republican 1, Independent 1 | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 38, Democratic 36, Readjuster 2 | Chester A. ArthurRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 47th CongressDecember 5, 1881 to March 4, 1883 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 147, Democratic 133, National Greenbacker 9, Readjuster Democrat 2, Ind. Democrat 1, Independent 1 | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 37, Republican 36, Independent 1, Readjuster 1 | Chester A. ArthurRepublicanAlso in office: James A. Garfield (1881) | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 46th CongressMarch 18, 1879 to March 4, 1881 Cite Compare | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 142, Republican 131, National Greenbacker 13, Ind. Democrat 7 | DemocraticDemocratic 42, Republican 33, Independent 1 | Rutherford B. HayesRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican |
| 45th CongressOctober 15, 1877 to March 4, 1879 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 150, Republican 141, Ind. Democrat 2 | RepublicanRepublican 40, Democratic 35, Independent 1 | Rutherford B. HayesRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 44th CongressDecember 6, 1875 to March 4, 1877 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 176, Republican 104, Independent 4, Ind. Republican 4, Ind. Democrat 1 | RepublicanRepublican 46, Democratic 28, Ind. Republican 1 | Ulysses S. GrantRepublican | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican |
| 43rd CongressDecember 1, 1873 to March 4, 1875 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 197, Democratic 88, Liberal Republican 4 | RepublicanRepublican 47, Democratic 19, Liberal Republican 7 | Ulysses S. GrantRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 42nd CongressMarch 4, 1871 to March 4, 1873 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 137, Democratic 102, Liberal Republican 3, Ind. Republican 1 | RepublicanRepublican 56, Democratic 17, Liberal Republican 1 | Ulysses S. GrantRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 41st CongressMarch 4, 1869 to March 4, 1871 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 167, Democratic 70, Conservative 5 | RepublicanRepublican 62, Democratic 12 | Ulysses S. GrantRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 40th CongressMarch 4, 1867 to March 4, 1869 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 172, Democratic 48, Conservative 2, Ind. Republican 1, Conservative Republican 1 | RepublicanRepublican 57, Democratic 9 | Andrew JohnsonRepublican | Not statedVoteview lists Andrew Johnson as Republican and the congress-legislators executive file as Democratic, so whether control was unified is not stated. |
| 39th CongressDecember 4, 1865 to March 4, 1867 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 133, Democratic 41, Unconditional Unionist 12, Unionist 5, Ind. Republican 1 | RepublicanRepublican 37, Democratic 11, Unconditional Unionist 3, Unionist 1 | Andrew JohnsonRepublicanAlso in office: Abraham Lincoln (1865) | Not statedVoteview lists Andrew Johnson as Republican and the congress-legislators executive file as Democratic, so whether control was unified is not stated. |
| 38th CongressDecember 7, 1863 to March 4, 1865 Cite Compare | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 85, Democratic 72, Unconditional Unionist 16, Unionist 9, Ind. Republican 2 | RepublicanRepublican 33, Democratic 10, Unionist 5, Unconditional Unionist 4 | Abraham LincolnRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 37th CongressJuly 4, 1861 to March 4, 1863 Cite Compare | RepublicanRepublican 104, Democratic 46, Unionist 27, Constitutional Unionist 2, Union 2, Ind. Democrat 1 | RepublicanRepublican 30, Democratic 25, Unionist 1 | Abraham LincolnRepublican | Unified: Republican |
| 36th CongressDecember 5, 1859 to March 4, 1861 Cite Compare | Republican (largest, no majority)Republican 116, Democratic 86, Opposition 19, Anti-Lecompton Democrat 8, Ind. Democrat 7, American 5 | DemocraticDemocratic 38, Republican 26, American 2 | James BuchananDemocratic | DividedHouse: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic |
| 35th CongressDecember 7, 1857 to March 4, 1859 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 131, Republican 91, American 14, Ind. Democrat 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 41, Republican 20, American 5 | James BuchananDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 34th CongressDecember 3, 1855 to March 4, 1857 Cite Compare | Opposition (largest, no majority)Opposition 98, Democratic 79, American 52 | DemocraticDemocratic 39, Opposition 22, American 1 | Franklin PierceDemocratic | DividedHouse: Opposition; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic |
| 33rd CongressDecember 5, 1853 to March 4, 1855 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 157, Whig 72, Free Soil 4, Ind. Democrat 1, Independent 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 38, Whig 22, Free Soil 2 | Franklin PierceDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 32nd CongressDecember 1, 1851 to March 4, 1853 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 127, Whig 85, Union 10, Free Soil 4, States Rights 3, Ind. Democrat 3, Ind. Whig 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 36, Whig 23, Free Soil 3 | Millard FillmoreWhig | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Whig |
| 31st CongressDecember 3, 1849 to March 4, 1851 Cite Compare | Democratic (largest, no majority)Democratic 113, Whig 108, Free Soil 9, Independent 1, American 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 34, Whig 25, Free Soil 2 | Zachary TaylorWhigAlso in office: Millard Fillmore (1850) | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Whig |
| 30th CongressDecember 6, 1847 to March 4, 1849 Cite Compare | WhigWhig 116, Democratic 110, Ind. Democrat 2, Independent 1, American 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 37, Whig 21, Ind. Democrat 1 | James K. PolkDemocratic | DividedHouse: Whig; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic |
| 29th CongressDecember 1, 1845 to March 4, 1847 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 142, Whig 78, American 6 | DemocraticDemocratic 32, Whig 23 | James K. PolkDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 28th CongressDecember 4, 1843 to March 4, 1845 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 144, Whig 74, Law and Order 2, Ind. Whig 1, Ind. Democrat 1 | WhigWhig 29, Democratic 22 | John TylerWhig | DividedHouse: Democratic; Senate: Whig; President: Whig |
| 27th CongressMay 31, 1841 to March 4, 1843 Cite Compare | WhigWhig 139, Democratic 98, Ind. Democrat 1, Independent 1 | WhigWhig 31, Democratic 22 | John TylerWhigAlso in office: William Henry Harrison (1841) | Unified: Whig |
| 26th CongressDecember 2, 1839 to March 4, 1841 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 124, Whig 109, Anti-Masonic 6, Conservative 2 | DemocraticDemocratic 30, Whig 21 | Martin Van BurenDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 25th CongressSeptember 4, 1837 to March 4, 1839 Cite Compare | DemocraticDemocratic 128, Whig 99, Anti-Masonic 7, Nullifier 6, Independent 1 | DemocraticDemocratic 35, Whig 17 | Martin Van BurenDemocratic | Unified: Democratic |
| 24th CongressDecember 7, 1835 to March 4, 1837 Cite Compare | JacksonianJacksonian 142, Anti-Jacksonian 76, Anti-Masonic 16, Nullifier 7 | JacksonianJacksonian 27, Anti-Jacksonian 23, Nullifier 2 | Andrew JacksonJacksonian | Unified: Jacksonian |
| 23rd CongressDecember 2, 1833 to March 4, 1835 Cite Compare | JacksonianJacksonian 142, Anti-Jacksonian 63, Anti-Masonic 25, Nullifier 9 | Anti-JacksonianAnti-Jacksonian 26, Jacksonian 20, Nullifier 2 | Andrew JacksonJacksonian | DividedHouse: Jacksonian; Senate: Anti-Jacksonian; President: Jacksonian |
| 22nd CongressDecember 5, 1831 to March 4, 1833 Cite Compare | JacksonianJacksonian 126, Anti-Jacksonian 66, Anti-Masonic 17, Nullifier 4 | Jacksonian (largest, no majority)Jacksonian 24, Anti-Jacksonian 22, Nullifier 2 | Andrew JacksonJacksonian | Unified: Jacksonian |
| 21st CongressDecember 7, 1829 to March 4, 1831 Cite Compare | JacksonianJacksonian 134, Anti-Jacksonian 73, Anti-Masonic 5 | JacksonianJacksonian 24, Anti-Jacksonian 22 | Andrew JacksonJacksonian | Unified: Jacksonian |
| 20th CongressDecember 3, 1827 to March 4, 1829 Cite Compare | JacksonianJacksonian 113, Adams 100 | JacksonianJacksonian 26, Adams 21 | John Quincy AdamsAdams | DividedHouse: Jacksonian; Senate: Jacksonian; President: Adams |
| 19th CongressDecember 5, 1825 to March 4, 1827 Cite Compare | AdamsAdams 108, Jacksonian 104 | Jacksonian (largest, no majority)Jacksonian 23, Adams 21, Democratic-Republican 2 | John Quincy AdamsAdams | DividedHouse: Adams; Senate: Jacksonian; President: Adams |
| 18th CongressDecember 1, 1823 to March 4, 1825 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 190, Federalist 24 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 42, Federalist 5 | James MonroeDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 17th CongressDecember 3, 1821 to March 4, 1823 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 155, Federalist 32 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 43, Federalist 4 | James MonroeDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 16th CongressDecember 6, 1819 to March 4, 1821 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 172, Federalist 28 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 35, Federalist 9 | James MonroeDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 15th CongressDecember 1, 1817 to March 4, 1819 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 144, Federalist 38 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 27, Federalist 12 | James MonroeDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 14th CongressDecember 4, 1815 to March 4, 1817 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 119, Federalist 63 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 24, Federalist 12 | James MadisonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 13th CongressMay 24, 1813 to March 4, 1815 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 113, Federalist 69 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 27, Federalist 6 | James MadisonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 12th CongressNovember 4, 1811 to March 4, 1813 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 107, Federalist 36 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 29, Federalist 5 | James MadisonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 11th CongressMay 22, 1809 to March 4, 1811 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 94, Federalist 48 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 26, Federalist 7 | James MadisonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 10th CongressOctober 26, 1807 to March 4, 1809 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 117, Federalist 25 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 26, Federalist 5 | Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 9th CongressDecember 2, 1805 to March 4, 1807 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 114, Federalist 28 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 26, Federalist 7 | Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 8th CongressOctober 17, 1803 to March 4, 1805 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 102, Federalist 39 | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 25, Federalist 9 | Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-Republican |
| 7th CongressDecember 7, 1801 to March 4, 1803 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 69, Federalist 37 | TiedFederalist 14, Democratic-Republican 14 | Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican | Unified: Democratic-RepublicanThe Senate was tied on the opening day; the vice president for most of the Congress, Aaron Burr, was Democratic-Republican. |
| 6th CongressDecember 2, 1799 to March 4, 1801 Cite Compare | FederalistFederalist 59, Democratic-Republican 46 | FederalistFederalist 22, Democratic-Republican 10 | John AdamsFederalist | Unified: Federalist |
| 5th CongressMay 15, 1797 to March 4, 1799 Cite Compare | FederalistFederalist 57, Democratic-Republican 49 | FederalistFederalist 22, Democratic-Republican 10 | John AdamsFederalist | Unified: Federalist |
| 4th CongressDecember 7, 1795 to March 4, 1797 Cite Compare | Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican 59, Federalist 47 | FederalistFederalist 20, Democratic-Republican 12 | George WashingtonFederalist | DividedHouse: Democratic-Republican; Senate: Federalist; President: Federalist |
| 3rd CongressDecember 2, 1793 to March 4, 1795 Cite Compare | Anti-AdministrationAnti-Administration 55, Pro-Administration 50 | Pro-AdministrationPro-Administration 15, Anti-Administration 14 | George WashingtonPro-Administration | DividedHouse: Anti-Administration; Senate: Pro-Administration; President: Pro-Administration |
| 2nd CongressOctober 24, 1791 to March 4, 1793 Cite Compare | Pro-AdministrationPro-Administration 39, Anti-Administration 29 | Pro-AdministrationPro-Administration 15, Anti-Administration 13 | George WashingtonPro-Administration | Unified: Pro-Administration |
| 1st CongressMarch 4, 1789 to March 4, 1791 Cite Compare | Pro-AdministrationPro-Administration 37, Anti-Administration 28 | Pro-AdministrationPro-Administration 18, Anti-Administration 8 | George WashingtonPro-Administration | Unified: Pro-AdministrationThe president for most of this Congress, George Washington, took office on 1789-04-30, after the opening day, so the seats are those held before then. |
Seats counted: 65 in the House in the 1st Congress and 434 in the 119th. Seats left empty on the opening day are not counted, and delegates and resident commissioners are left out.
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Divided government
22 stretches in this period had the House, the Senate and the president split between the parties. Each runs from the start of its first Congress to the end of its last.
- 2019 to 2025 116th to 118th Congresses, 3 in a row House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican. Then: House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic. Then: House: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic.
- 2011 to 2017 112th to 114th Congresses, 3 in a row House: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic. Then: House: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic.
- 2007 to 2009 110th Congress House: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican.
- 1995 to 2001 104th to 106th Congresses, 3 in a row House: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic.
- 1981 to 1993 97th to 102nd Congresses, 6 in a row House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican. Then: House: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican.
- 1969 to 1977 91st to 94th Congresses, 4 in a row House: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican.
- 1955 to 1961 84th to 86th Congresses, 3 in a row House: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican.
- 1947 to 1949 80th Congress House: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic.
- 1931 to 1933 72nd Congress House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican.
- 1927 to 1929 70th Congress House: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican.
- 1919 to 1921 66th Congress House: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic.
- 1911 to 1913 62nd Congress House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican.
- 1895 to 1897 54th Congress House: Republican; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic.
- 1891 to 1893 52nd Congress House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican.
- 1875 to 1889 44th to 50th Congresses, 7 in a row House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican. Then: House: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican. Then: House: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Republican. Then: House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Republican. Then: House: Democratic; Senate: Republican; President: Democratic.
- 1859 to 1861 36th Congress House: Republican; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic.
- 1855 to 1857 34th Congress House: Opposition; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic.
- 1847 to 1853 30th to 32nd Congresses, 3 in a row House: Whig; Senate: Democratic; President: Democratic. Then: House: Democratic; Senate: Democratic; President: Whig.
- 1843 to 1845 28th Congress House: Democratic; Senate: Whig; President: Whig.
- 1833 to 1835 23rd Congress House: Jacksonian; Senate: Anti-Jacksonian; President: Jacksonian.
- 1825 to 1829 19th to 20th Congresses, 2 in a row House: Adams; Senate: Jacksonian; President: Adams. Then: House: Jacksonian; Senate: Jacksonian; President: Adams.
- 1793 to 1797 3rd to 4th Congresses, 2 in a row House: Anti-Administration; Senate: Pro-Administration; President: Pro-Administration. Then: House: Democratic-Republican; Senate: Federalist; President: Federalist.
The check is made once per Congress, on the opening day. Party control can change inside a Congress, for example when a member switches parties or a seat is filled at a special election; the table does not follow those changes.
Democratic and Republican seat share
Compare two Congresses
| 118th Congress | 119th Congress | From the first to the second | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opened | January 3, 2023 | January 3, 2025 | 2 years apart |
| House: result | Republican | Republican | Same |
| House: seats counted | 434 | 434 | No change |
| House: Democratic seats | 212 | 215 | +3 |
| House: Republican seats | 222 | 219 | −3 |
| House: all other parties | 0 | 0 | No change |
| Senate: result | Democratic | Republican | Changed |
| Senate: seats counted | 100 | 99 | −1 |
| Senate: Democratic seats | 48 | 45 | −3 |
| Senate: Republican seats | 49 | 52 | +3 |
| Senate: all other parties | 3 | 2 | −1 |
| President | Joe Biden (Democratic) | Donald Trump (Republican) | Different party |
| All three | Divided | Unified: Republican | Changed |
Seat counts are those filled on each opening day. "All other parties" adds every party except the Democratic and Republican parties, for example the Federalists or Whigs in the early years.
Congress by the numbers
Age, women and new members, for the same members counted in the seat totals. Age is in years on the opening day. "Women" is the share of members whose sex is recorded in congress-legislators as female. "First term" is the share of members who had never held a seat in either chamber before.
- House
- Senate
Members with no birth date in the source are left out of the average. Mean age, in years.
Data table: Average age of members on the opening day
| Year opened | House | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| 1789 | 43.40 | 46.70 |
| 1791 | 41.90 | 45.10 |
| 1793 | 42.20 | 44.20 |
| 1795 | 41.40 | 44.60 |
| 1797 | 41.10 | 45.50 |
| 1799 | 43 | 44 |
| 1801 | 44.10 | 43.90 |
| 1803 | 43.50 | 46.50 |
| 1805 | 44.20 | 48.20 |
| 1807 | 44.10 | 50.40 |
| 1809 | 44.90 | 50.60 |
| 1811 | 44.70 | 49.40 |
| 1813 | 43.80 | 47.20 |
| 1815 | 42.60 | 45.20 |
| 1817 | 42.50 | 45.70 |
| 1819 | 43.40 | 46.10 |
| 1821 | 42 | 46.90 |
| 1823 | 42.90 | 48.90 |
| 1825 | 42.50 | 48.40 |
| 1827 | 42.50 | 47.70 |
| 1829 | 43.70 | 48.40 |
| 1831 | 44 | 49 |
| 1833 | 43.90 | 48.50 |
| 1835 | 44.60 | 47.70 |
| 1837 | 42.90 | 47.80 |
| 1839 | 42.30 | 49.40 |
| 1841 | 42.10 | 48.80 |
| 1843 | 42.60 | 49.20 |
| 1845 | 42.50 | 49.50 |
| 1847 | 42.50 | 49.60 |
| 1849 | 43 | 51.30 |
| 1851 | 42.90 | 50.90 |
| 1853 | 42.60 | 50.40 |
| 1855 | 42.80 | 50.60 |
| 1857 | 43.30 | 50.90 |
| 1859 | 43.20 | 50.20 |
| 1861 | 45 | 49.60 |
| 1863 | 45.50 | 50.70 |
| 1865 | 46.50 | 51.10 |
| 1867 | 45.70 | 48.30 |
| 1869 | 44.30 | 49.40 |
| 1871 | 45.60 | 50.60 |
| 1873 | 46.90 | 51.20 |
| 1875 | 47 | 51.70 |
| 1877 | 48.30 | 52.10 |
| 1879 | 48 | 53.20 |
| 1881 | 49.50 | 54 |
| 1883 | 48.40 | 54.20 |
| 1885 | 49.10 | 55.80 |
| 1887 | 48.60 | 57.10 |
| 1889 | 49 | 57.90 |
| 1891 | 48.90 | 57 |
| 1893 | 48.60 | 57.10 |
| 1895 | 48.30 | 56.90 |
| 1897 | 47.60 | 55.60 |
| 1899 | 47.90 | 56.60 |
| 1901 | 48.90 | 57.60 |
| 1903 | 48.50 | 59.10 |
| 1905 | 49 | 58.90 |
| 1907 | 49.50 | 58 |
| 1909 | 49.40 | 57.40 |
| 1911 | 49.20 | 56.60 |
| 1913 | 48.10 | 56.60 |
| 1915 | 49.80 | 57.30 |
| 1917 | 49.90 | 56.30 |
| 1919 | 50.60 | 56.30 |
| 1921 | 51.20 | 57.20 |
| 1923 | 51.60 | 57.80 |
| 1925 | 52.60 | 58.20 |
| 1927 | 53.80 | 57.60 |
| 1929 | 53.90 | 58 |
| 1931 | 54 | 58.40 |
| 1933 | 52.10 | 57.10 |
| 1935 | 51.20 | 57.10 |
| 1937 | 51.10 | 57.40 |
| 1939 | 51 | 57.60 |
| 1941 | 50.90 | 57.40 |
| 1943 | 51.60 | 58.10 |
| 1945 | 52.20 | 58.50 |
| 1947 | 51.40 | 56.40 |
| 1949 | 51.40 | 56.50 |
| 1951 | 52.10 | 56.70 |
| 1953 | 51.80 | 57 |
| 1955 | 52 | 57.20 |
| 1957 | 53 | 57.70 |
| 1959 | 51.80 | 57.30 |
| 1961 | 52.30 | 57.70 |
| 1963 | 51.80 | 56.70 |
| 1965 | 50.50 | 58 |
| 1967 | 50.90 | 57.70 |
| 1969 | 51.60 | 56.60 |
| 1971 | 52.10 | 56.60 |
| 1973 | 51.30 | 55.60 |
| 1975 | 49.90 | 55.70 |
| 1977 | 49.30 | 54.70 |
| 1979 | 48.90 | 52.70 |
| 1981 | 48.40 | 52.30 |
| 1983 | 48.70 | 53.50 |
| 1985 | 49.70 | 54.20 |
| 1987 | 50.90 | 54.60 |
| 1989 | 51.70 | 55.30 |
| 1991 | 52.50 | 56.90 |
| 1993 | 51.40 | 57.70 |
| 1995 | 51 | 58.10 |
| 1997 | 51.70 | 57.50 |
| 1999 | 52.60 | 58.30 |
| 2001 | 53.40 | 58.80 |
| 2003 | 54 | 59.60 |
| 2005 | 55.10 | 60.40 |
| 2007 | 55.90 | 61.80 |
| 2009 | 56.50 | 62.70 |
| 2011 | 56.20 | 61.90 |
| 2013 | 56.30 | 61.20 |
| 2015 | 56.70 | 60.70 |
| 2017 | 57.50 | 61.80 |
| 2019 | 57 | 62.50 |
| 2021 | 57.70 | 63.60 |
| 2023 | 56.80 | 63.50 |
| 2025 | 57.10 | 63.30 |
Source: congress-legislators (birth dates, sex) with Voteview (membership). As of November 2, 2026.
- House
- Senate
Members whose sex is not recorded in the source are left out of the share.
Data table: Women as a share of members
| Year opened | House | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| 1789 | 0% | 0% |
| 1791 | 0% | 0% |
| 1793 | 0% | 0% |
| 1795 | 0% | 0% |
| 1797 | 0% | 0% |
| 1799 | 0% | 0% |
| 1801 | 0% | 0% |
| 1803 | 0% | 0% |
| 1805 | 0% | 0% |
| 1807 | 0% | 0% |
| 1809 | 0% | 0% |
| 1811 | 0% | 0% |
| 1813 | 0% | 0% |
| 1815 | 0% | 0% |
| 1817 | 0% | 0% |
| 1819 | 0% | 0% |
| 1821 | 0% | 0% |
| 1823 | 0% | 0% |
| 1825 | 0% | 0% |
| 1827 | 0% | 0% |
| 1829 | 0% | 0% |
| 1831 | 0% | 0% |
| 1833 | 0% | 0% |
| 1835 | 0% | 0% |
| 1837 | 0% | 0% |
| 1839 | 0% | 0% |
| 1841 | 0% | 0% |
| 1843 | 0% | 0% |
| 1845 | 0% | 0% |
| 1847 | 0% | 0% |
| 1849 | 0% | 0% |
| 1851 | 0% | 0% |
| 1853 | 0% | 0% |
| 1855 | 0% | 0% |
| 1857 | 0% | 0% |
| 1859 | 0% | 0% |
| 1861 | 0% | 0% |
| 1863 | 0% | 0% |
| 1865 | 0% | 0% |
| 1867 | 0% | 0% |
| 1869 | 0% | 0% |
| 1871 | 0% | 0% |
| 1873 | 0% | 0% |
| 1875 | 0% | 0% |
| 1877 | 0% | 0% |
| 1879 | 0% | 0% |
| 1881 | 0% | 0% |
| 1883 | 0% | 0% |
| 1885 | 0% | 0% |
| 1887 | 0% | 0% |
| 1889 | 0% | 0% |
| 1891 | 0% | 0% |
| 1893 | 0% | 0% |
| 1895 | 0% | 0% |
| 1897 | 0% | 0% |
| 1899 | 0% | 0% |
| 1901 | 0% | 0% |
| 1903 | 0% | 0% |
| 1905 | 0% | 0% |
| 1907 | 0% | 0% |
| 1909 | 0% | 0% |
| 1911 | 0% | 0% |
| 1913 | 0% | 0% |
| 1915 | 0% | 0% |
| 1917 | 0.2% | 0% |
| 1919 | 0% | 0% |
| 1921 | 0.2% | 0% |
| 1923 | 0.2% | 0% |
| 1925 | 0.7% | 0% |
| 1927 | 0.9% | 0% |
| 1929 | 1.8% | 0% |
| 1931 | 1.4% | 0% |
| 1933 | 1.4% | 1% |
| 1935 | 1.4% | 1% |
| 1937 | 1.1% | 1% |
| 1939 | 0.9% | 1% |
| 1941 | 1.6% | 1% |
| 1943 | 1.6% | 1% |
| 1945 | 2.1% | 0% |
| 1947 | 1.6% | 0% |
| 1949 | 1.8% | 1% |
| 1951 | 1.8% | 1% |
| 1953 | 2.5% | 1% |
| 1955 | 3.4% | 1% |
| 1957 | 3.4% | 1% |
| 1959 | 3.7% | 1% |
| 1961 | 3.7% | 2% |
| 1963 | 2.5% | 2% |
| 1965 | 2.3% | 2% |
| 1967 | 2.5% | 1% |
| 1969 | 2.3% | 1% |
| 1971 | 2.8% | 1% |
| 1973 | 3.5% | 0% |
| 1975 | 4.1% | 0% |
| 1977 | 4.1% | 0% |
| 1979 | 3.7% | 1% |
| 1981 | 4.4% | 2% |
| 1983 | 4.8% | 2% |
| 1985 | 5.1% | 2% |
| 1987 | 5.3% | 2% |
| 1989 | 6% | 2% |
| 1991 | 6.4% | 2% |
| 1993 | 10.8% | 6% |
| 1995 | 10.8% | 8% |
| 1997 | 11.7% | 9% |
| 1999 | 12.9% | 9% |
| 2001 | 13.6% | 13% |
| 2003 | 13.6% | 13.1% |
| 2005 | 15% | 14% |
| 2007 | 16.3% | 16% |
| 2009 | 17.3% | 17.2% |
| 2011 | 16.4% | 17.3% |
| 2013 | 18.2% | 20% |
| 2015 | 19.4% | 20% |
| 2017 | 19.1% | 21% |
| 2019 | 23.6% | 25.3% |
| 2021 | 27.3% | 26.3% |
| 2023 | 28.6% | 25% |
| 2025 | 28.8% | 25.3% |
Source: congress-legislators (birth dates, sex) with Voteview (membership). As of November 2, 2026.
- House
- Senate
A member who moved from the House to the Senate is not counted as new. The 1st Congress had no earlier members, so every member was new.
Data table: Members in their first term in Congress
| Year opened | House | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| 1789 | 100% | 100% |
| 1791 | 42.6% | 21.4% |
| 1793 | 53.3% | 13.8% |
| 1795 | 34% | 18.8% |
| 1797 | 36.8% | 0% |
| 1799 | 31.4% | 6.3% |
| 1801 | 36.8% | 14.3% |
| 1803 | 44% | 14.7% |
| 1805 | 33.8% | 9.1% |
| 1807 | 30.3% | 9.7% |
| 1809 | 30.3% | 6.1% |
| 1811 | 37.8% | 11.8% |
| 1813 | 47.8% | 15.2% |
| 1815 | 40.1% | 22.2% |
| 1817 | 54.9% | 17.9% |
| 1819 | 41% | 15.9% |
| 1821 | 44.4% | 14.9% |
| 1823 | 38.8% | 6.4% |
| 1825 | 35.4% | 13% |
| 1827 | 31.5% | 2.1% |
| 1829 | 40.1% | 6.5% |
| 1831 | 36.6% | 12.5% |
| 1833 | 48.1% | 8.3% |
| 1835 | 36.5% | 13.5% |
| 1837 | 44.8% | 9.6% |
| 1839 | 43.6% | 11.8% |
| 1841 | 37.2% | 11.3% |
| 1843 | 65.8% | 11.8% |
| 1845 | 47.3% | 12.7% |
| 1847 | 49.1% | 11.9% |
| 1849 | 50.4% | 9.8% |
| 1851 | 51.5% | 12.9% |
| 1853 | 59.6% | 8.1% |
| 1855 | 57.2% | 11.3% |
| 1857 | 44.3% | 9.1% |
| 1859 | 45.2% | 12.1% |
| 1861 | 49.5% | 16.1% |
| 1863 | 56.5% | 15.4% |
| 1865 | 41.1% | 11.5% |
| 1867 | 44.6% | 27.3% |
| 1869 | 46.3% | 21.6% |
| 1871 | 44.9% | 16.2% |
| 1873 | 49.8% | 16.4% |
| 1875 | 54% | 22.7% |
| 1877 | 43% | 11.8% |
| 1879 | 41.3% | 14.5% |
| 1881 | 29.7% | 10.7% |
| 1883 | 47.8% | 6.6% |
| 1885 | 35.8% | 3.9% |
| 1887 | 34.5% | 9.2% |
| 1889 | 34.9% | 13.6% |
| 1891 | 43% | 9.3% |
| 1893 | 38.4% | 9.1% |
| 1895 | 46.9% | 10.3% |
| 1897 | 37.5% | 13.3% |
| 1899 | 29.4% | 13.5% |
| 1901 | 24.4% | 10% |
| 1903 | 31.6% | 7.8% |
| 1905 | 20.4% | 5.6% |
| 1907 | 22.8% | 8.7% |
| 1909 | 19.4% | 9.8% |
| 1911 | 30.9% | 17.7% |
| 1913 | 34.3% | 13.5% |
| 1915 | 27.4% | 6.3% |
| 1917 | 16.8% | 10.4% |
| 1919 | 23.1% | 8.3% |
| 1921 | 23.9% | 10.4% |
| 1923 | 27% | 10.4% |
| 1925 | 16.4% | 8.3% |
| 1927 | 11.5% | 4.3% |
| 1929 | 14% | 8.3% |
| 1931 | 17.2% | 7.3% |
| 1933 | 34.8% | 15.3% |
| 1935 | 22.4% | 9.4% |
| 1937 | 20.5% | 10.4% |
| 1939 | 24.1% | 8.3% |
| 1941 | 13.8% | 8.3% |
| 1943 | 21.6% | 9.4% |
| 1945 | 14.9% | 9.4% |
| 1947 | 21.1% | 14.6% |
| 1949 | 21.4% | 10.4% |
| 1951 | 13.1% | 4.2% |
| 1953 | 18.2% | 5.2% |
| 1955 | 11.5% | 3.1% |
| 1957 | 9.4% | 4.2% |
| 1959 | 18.3% | 9% |
| 1961 | 12.8% | 4% |
| 1963 | 14.9% | 3% |
| 1965 | 19.3% | 5.1% |
| 1967 | 13.9% | 6% |
| 1969 | 8.3% | 9% |
| 1971 | 11.1% | 2% |
| 1973 | 15.7% | 7% |
| 1975 | 19.8% | 5% |
| 1977 | 14.5% | 11.1% |
| 1979 | 17.8% | 9% |
| 1981 | 16.7% | 11% |
| 1983 | 18.2% | 4% |
| 1985 | 8.7% | 3% |
| 1987 | 10.6% | 3% |
| 1989 | 7.6% | 6% |
| 1991 | 9.4% | 1% |
| 1993 | 24.8% | 8% |
| 1995 | 19.3% | 3% |
| 1997 | 15.6% | 7% |
| 1999 | 9% | 4% |
| 2001 | 9.2% | 5% |
| 2003 | 12% | 4% |
| 2005 | 8.5% | 3% |
| 2007 | 11.7% | 7% |
| 2009 | 12.4% | 8.1% |
| 2011 | 20.6% | 7.1% |
| 2013 | 16.8% | 7% |
| 2015 | 12.9% | 6% |
| 2017 | 11.5% | 4% |
| 2019 | 19.6% | 3% |
| 2021 | 13.2% | 3% |
| 2023 | 16.8% | 4% |
| 2025 | 13.8% | 4% |
Source: congress-legislators (birth dates, sex) with Voteview (membership). As of November 2, 2026.
Download these figures as a spreadsheet (CSV)
Not built yet: counts of roll call votes, party unity scores and laws per Congress. They need the site's vote and bill tables, which are on the live site and not in this archive file.
How this is counted
Seats are counted on the opening day of each Congress. The 119th Congress opened on January 3, 2025 with Republican 219, Democratic 215 in the House and Republican 52, Democratic 45, Independent 2 in the Senate. The counts are built from Voteview and congress-legislators files, not copied from a chamber's own table; the sources section says how and where they may differ.
Members and their parties come from Voteview ↗, a University of California, Los Angeles project built from the official congressional record. Term dates, birth dates and the presidents come from congress-legislators ↗ (public domain, CC0). Files read November 2, 2026.
- A seat counts for the person who first held it in that Congress, as Voteview marks it. Where Voteview does not mark it, a seat counts for the person whose term covers the opening day: House, 102nd to 104th, 115th to 119th; Senate, 54th, 90th, 102nd to 105th, 114th to 119th. The CSV says which method each row used.
- Party is the party Voteview gives that member for that Congress. A few members changed party on or near the opening day; for them the party they held that day is used. Faction names inside one party family, for example Adams-Clay Republican and Crawford Republican, are joined as Democratic-Republican.
- Delegates and resident commissioners are not counted. Seats empty on the opening day are not counted.
- A tied Senate goes to the party of the vice president who held office for most of that Congress. A president's party is Voteview's; where the executive file in congress-legislators names the other big party for the same person (Andrew Johnson, 39th and 40th Congresses), the result is shown as "Not stated".
The House History table of party divisions and the Senate's party division page are the usual official references for these counts. History.house.gov's robots.txt does not allow automated readers and senate.gov refused automated access, so neither was read. These counts have not been checked against them and may differ by a few seats in some Congresses, mostly where a seat changed hands near the start. The checks that were run, and the figures they flagged, are listed in the dataset's notes.
Files: members d78f55120b59534e…, parties 2e87975b147d75a4…, term dates 25187633f3215a09…, executive 36123cdaac2b9bb2… (SHA-256 of each source file). This page's data file: 2750931a47bbfe90….